By
Tushar Ranjan Mohanty
Research
Assistant, Institute for Conflict Management
Reporting
out of the murk of conflict has always been fraught with danger, but the
controversy surrounding Hamid Mir, Executive Editor of GEO News, exposes a
dimension of risk that is rarely seen out in the open – that of collusion
between the media and extremists to engineer specific acts of
terrorism.
The
audio-taped conversation between Hamid Mir and a man purportedly linked to the
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), indicates that information Mir passed on to the
TTP, and direct exhortations by Mir, could have led to the execution of Khalid
Khawaja, a former Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) officer, allegedly killed by
a group calling themselves the Asian Tigers, a little known TTP-linked outfit.
The tape, which has Mir divulging ‘dirt’ on Khawaja, ostensibly to TTP militant
Usman, who was to ‘cross examine’ Khawaja, was first posted by the ‘Let Us Build
Pakistan’ blog, and subsequently picked up by other online publications. It is
still unclear who made the tape, with online speculation suggesting that it
could be the militants themselves, or intelligence agencies who released the
recording. While Mir claims the tape is a fabrication, several sources,
including the ISI and Khawaja’s son, Osama Khalid have confirmed that the voices
on the tape belong to Mir and to Usman. Usman had spoken to the Khawaja family
during negotiations for his release.
The
content of the conversation suggests that this call was made before Khawaja’s
execution on April 30. Mir gives details of Khawaja’s purported background,
linking him to the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and to the Lal
Masjid operation [July 3-11, 2007]. Mir claims that Khawaja and his wife were
responsible for the death of Ghazi Rasheed [on July 10, 2007] and the
humiliating capture of Maulana Abdul Aziz and his family [on July 4, 2007] at
Lal Masjid. Mir then urges the man to cross-examine Khawaja about his
relationship with the Qadiani sect, which he describes as "Worse than kafirs
(unbelievers)", as well as with two ‘CIA agents’, William Casey and Mansur Ejaz.
Khawaja’s
son Osama insists that Mir had hatched a conspiracy to murder his father: "This
audiotape is enough proof to show Hamid Mir’s role in the murder."
Intelligence
agencies, including the ISI, presented an investigation report to Prime Minister
Yousaf Raza Gilani regarding the Mir-Usman audiotape on May 19, confirming that
the tape was authentic.
While
Mir will certainly bring disgrace upon himself and raise wider questions about
the complicity of sections of the Pakistan media with terrorists, most
journalists in the country are confronted with a distinctly unenviable task, at
once threatened by extremists and by an arbitrary and despotic State – dominated
by an overbearing Army. Significantly, following a suicide attack on the
Peshawar Press Club on December 22, 2009, Adnan Rehmat, Executive Director of
Intermedia, disclosed: "At least 45 journalists have been killed in Pakistan in
the last five years, several by suspected militants, but this is the first time
that suicide squads of terrorists have targeted media persons as a specific,
overt target, indicating a dramatic increase in the level of threats facing the
media in the country." According to the Paris-based Reporters without Borders,
suicide bombings have made Pakistan one of the "world’s most dangerous countries
for the Press".
In
2009 alone, there were 163 cases of direct attacks on the media in Pakistan, and
10 journalists paid the ultimate price for practicing a difficult trade against
a backdrop of rising terrorism in the country. Of these, four were killed in
Punjab, three in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP, formerly the North West Frontier
Province) and one each in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA),
Balochistan and capital Islamabad, according to Intermedia’s annual research on
the state of the media in Pakistan.
The
total of 163 cases included murders, assaults, abductions, explicit threats and
attacks on media properties and establishments. Punjab bore the brunt of these
attacks with 54 cases and KP a close second, with 52. Islamabad accounted for 28
cases; Sindh, 12; six each in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and FATA; and three
in Balochistan.
10
journalists were abducted through 2009 — four in KP, two in Islamabad and one
each in Balochistan, FATA, Punjab and Sindh. At least 24 cases of assault on
working journalists were also recorded in 2009. A total of 70 journalists were
injured in these assaults — 36 in Punjab, 12 in Islamabad, 10 in the NWFP, seven
in Sindh and five in AJK.
10
cases of physical and armed attacks were reported on media property and
establishments, peaking in the suicide attack on the Peshawar Press Club on
December 22. Three people, including a woman, were killed and another 24 persons
injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up at the main gate of the Peshawar
Press Club. Subsequently, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
warned that it was a sign of a new "war on media" by political extremists. IFJ
General Secretary Aidan White observed, "This targeted attack, far from the
frontline of conflict, illustrates that the war on media by extremists is being
taken into the heart of the cities."
Assaults
against Press freedom in 2009 were, however, far from new, and the Pakistan
Federal Union of Journalists (PFUJ) had, earlier, described 2008 as a "dangerous
year," for journalists in Pakistan, with Swat [KP] and Bajaur [FATA] identified
as the most dangerous areas for reporting. The PFUJ blamed both Government
agencies and "non-state actors," for the rise in violence, noting that no
prosecution, or for that matter even arrest, took place in any of the cases
relating to the killing of journalists in 2008. The Government also failed to
take action against those personnel of intelligence agencies, who were
responsible for illegal detention of journalists (there were 40 cases of arrest
and abduction of journalists in 2008) in different parts of the country,
including capital Islamabad. Noting the rising danger for journalists, PFUJ had
warned, "The situation may worsen in the coming months" – fears that were
substantially realized in 2009.
Khalid
Khishgi, former Secretary General of the Khyber Union of Journalists and a
senior journalist working for The News in Peshawar, noted on January 26,
2010:
Both
the military and the militants are monitoring each and every report from the
conflict zones. I cannot predict which sentence or word in my report goes
against the "strategic interests" of the powerful groups. In Peshawar, so many
organisations received threatening letters from a certain militant group for not
giving "enough space" to their side of the story. Words like Press freedom
become meaningless in such horrible situations.
Journalists
are routinely abducted either by militant groups or arrested by the security and
intelligence agencies for not observing the "code of conduct" enforced by the
one or the other. Under such pressure, there have been several cases where
family members have compelled journalists to quit their jobs or migrate to other
countries. Rahman Buneri, who fled the country and took asylum in the United
States when a group of militants bombed his house on July 9, 2009, in the Buner
valley of KP, notes, "When your home and your family members are not safe, you
cannot do justice to your profession." Dr. Khalid Mufti, a Peshawar-based
psychiatrist, observes that these tensions have resulted in a marked increase in
mental health problems among journalists and their families.
There
is little subtlety in these campaigns of intimidation and terror. On April 14,
2010, for instance, TTP spokesman Azam Tariq told journalists in the North
Waziristan Agency that the "pro-America" media was spreading false propaganda
about the ‘Taliban’, and would be punished. Similarly, on April 23, 2010, a TTP
spokesman, Muhammad Umar, warned the media for "the last time" against
"ignoring" his group’s viewpoint, and claimed newspapers and TV channels were
"hiding the truth". This warning by the "spokesman for the Taliban Media Centre"
in North Waziristan – was emailed to the media hours after a deadly attack
targeted an army convoy in North Waziristan, and declared:
Why
is the media only conveying the army’s point of view? Is this proof that the
media is also working as an ally for the government and the army? Or they are
being forced to hide the truth? ...This email should be considered a last
warning for the media of Pakistan. If the media doesn’t stop working as an ally
of the Government and the Army, the Taliban would have to treat the media as
they want to be treated."
Muhammad
Umar added, further, that the media could either be with "the terrorists (state
agencies) or the truth".
There
was more troubling news for the media. On January 10, 2010, the National Crisis
Management Cell (NCMC) of the Interior Ministry warned that TTP had decided to
attack newspaper offices and renowned journalists across the country. According
to Intelligence reports, the TTP was "not happy" with Pakistan’s media policy
and want to teach the media a lesson. The NCMC sent circulars to the Provincial
Governments, Police and other law-enforcement agencies to put security on high
alert in order to protect newspaper offices and journalists. The report noted
that the attack on the Peshawar Press Club on December 22, 2009, was to be seen
in this context.
Apart
from the direct targeting of the media, escalating risks of collateral
fatalities among journalists have also been noted. On May 10, 2010, 26
journalist organisations from around the world called on the Taliban, al Qaeda
and other jihadi organisations in Pakistan to stop targeting civilians with
their attacks, observing that journalists also lost their lives in such
incidents. The appeal from the organisations, which included PFUJ and Reporters
Without Borders declared,
We
appeal with the utmost urgency to the leaders of the Taliban, jihadi movements
and al Qaeda in Pakistan to put a stop to all further suicide bombings on public
gatherings… As journalists, we have to cover official events first-hand but that
does not mean that we support this or that politician or public figure. By
targeting large gatherings, the organisations are endangering the lives of
innocent civilians and reporters. This is not acceptable. We can no longer
accept the loss of lives of our fellow journalists… We, the undersigned
journalists of Pakistan and defenders of press freedom around the world, condemn
with the utmost firmness all recourse to suicide bombings in the middle of
crowds of civilians that result in the deaths of innocent people, including
media workers.
The
appeal came more than a week after two TV journalists were killed in two days in
suicide bombings in Balochistan and KP. Malik Arif, a Quetta-based TV cameraman
and Azamat Ali Bangash, a Kohat-based reporter for the same network, were both
covering stories at the time of the bombings.
Meanwhile,
Zulfiqar Ali, a Dawn columnist, on September 6, 2009, had detailed a
multiplicity of ills that had come to afflict the media in Pakistan, blaming
"monetary benefits and sensationalism", as well as reliance on unnamed
"intelligence sources" for much of the decline in the quality and accuracy of
reportage. Crucially, well before the Hamid Mir scandal, he had pointed to a
"deepening nexus between militants and journalists".
The
media is under unprecedented, multiple and escalating pressures in Pakistan,
even as both state repression and terrorism rise. As conditions in the country
worsen, however, the media’s role will become even more crucial. Sections of the
Pakistani media have displayed extraordinary determination under relentless
pressure through decades of relentless crisis, establishing standards of
reportage and commentary that are sometimes astonishing. It is not clear,
however, how long this fortitude can survive the sheer brutality of the focused
attacks against individual journalists and media institutions that appear now to
have been initiated; or the increasing proclivity of a new breed of journalists
who are eagerly ‘embedded’ with the state’s agencies, or with the
terrorists.
Source:
South Asia Intelligence Review [SAIR]
9:59 PM
Sultan Shahin
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