Syncretism in Religion and Rituals: Embracing Diversity and Unity

By Adis Duderija, New Age Islam 18 April 2024 One Fascinating Aspect of Religious Development Is the Phenomenon of Syncretism, Which Refers to The Merging or Blending of Different Religious Beliefs, Practices, And Rituals. The Concept of Syncretism Challenges the Notion of Religion as A Rigid and Exclusive System, Instead Emphasizing the Fluidity and Adaptability of Human Spirituality. ------ Religion has played a profound role in shaping human societies throughout history. It has provided individuals with a sense of purpose, moral guidance, and a connection to the divine. One fascinating aspect of religious development is the phenomenon of syncretism, which refers to the merging or blending of different religious beliefs, practices, and rituals. The concept of syncretism challenges the notion of religion as a rigid and exclusive system, instead emphasizing the fluidity and adaptability of human spirituality. This essay explores the idea of syncretism in religion and rituals, highlighting its significance in promoting diversity, unity, and the evolution of religious traditions. Understanding Syncretism Syncretism can be seen as a natural consequence of cultural exchange and interaction. When different religious communities come into contact, their beliefs and practices often intertwine, leading to the emergence of new religious expressions. Syncretism can occur at various levels, ranging from subtle influences to complete amalgamation of religious elements. Rather than viewing syncretism as a dilution of religious purity, it should be appreciated as a dynamic process that reflects the ongoing evolution of human spirituality. Blending of Beliefs and Practices One of the most notable aspects of syncretism is the blending of beliefs and practices from diverse religious traditions. This phenomenon can be observed in various historical contexts. For example, the spread of Christianity in Europe incorporated pagan rituals and festivals, such as Christmas and Easter, which were assimilated into Christian celebrations. Similarly, the incorporation of local deities into Hinduism in different regions of India demonstrates the adaptability and inclusivity of the religion. Syncretism in Rituals Rituals hold a central place in religious practice, and syncretism often manifests itself through the convergence of ritualistic traditions. This form of syncretism is evident in the origins of Muslim prayer. Scholarship on the topic suggests that early Muslim prayer was influenced by Jewish, Zoroastrian, and indigenous Arabian traditions. Elements such as ritual washing, prostration, and facing a specific direction during prayer demonstrate the syncretic nature of religious rituals. The practice of ritual washing, known as ablution or wudu, is a common aspect of many religious traditions. In early Muslim prayer, the act of washing specific parts of the body with clean water or earth before prayer was influenced by Jewish and Zoroastrian practices. This blending of purification rituals reflects the syncretic nature of religious traditions, as different faiths often share similar concepts of cleanliness and spiritual preparation. Another syncretic aspect of Muslim prayer is the act of prostration, where individuals bow down and touch their foreheads to the ground. While prostration is commonly associated with Islamic prayer, it also has roots in indigenous Arabian traditions. This demonstrates how religious practices can be influenced by the cultural and spiritual customs of the local community. The direction faced during prayer, known as the qibla, is another element influenced by syncretism. Early Muslim prayer adopted the practice of facing towards Mecca ( after initially facing Jerusalem) , which was influenced by the Jewish tradition of facing Jerusalem during prayer. This syncretic adoption of a specific direction of prayer highlights the interconnectedness of religious practices and the willingness to incorporate elements from different traditions. Benefits of Syncretism Syncretism in religion and rituals carries several significant benefits. Firstly, it fosters cultural exchange and mutual understanding between different religious communities. Through syncretism, individuals gain exposure to diverse beliefs, practices, and perspectives, promoting tolerance and respect. The blending of rituals and traditions allows for a shared experience that transcends religious boundaries, fostering a sense of unity among diverse communities. Secondly, syncretism allows for the preservation and revitalization of marginalized or endangered religious traditions. By incorporating elements from dominant religions, these traditions can adapt and survive in changing socio-cultural contexts. Syncretism provides a platform for the revitalization of ancient rituals and practices, ensuring their continuity and relevance in contemporary society. Critics and Challenges Despite its merits, syncretism has faced criticism from traditionalists who view it as a threat to religious purity and orthodoxy. They argue that syncretism blurs the boundaries between religions, leading to a loss of distinct identities. However, it is essential to recognize that syncretism does not negate the authenticity of individual religious traditions. Instead, it enriches them by expanding their horizons and promoting interfaith dialogue. Challenges in embracing syncretism arise from the resistance to change and the fear of diluting religious traditions. However, by understanding syncretism as a natural and organic process, societies can overcome these challenges and embrace the diversity and richness that it offers. It is important to approach syncretism with respect and sensitivity, acknowledging the value and significance of each religious tradition while actively seeking common ground and shared experiences. Syncretism in religion and rituals is a dynamic and fascinating process that reflects the interconnectedness of human cultures and beliefs. It provides a framework for understanding the evolution and diversity of religious traditions throughout history. By embracing syncretism, societies can foster unity, respect, and mutual appreciation among different religious communities. Rather than fearing change and adaptation, we should recognize the potential for syncretism to inspire new forms of spirituality and contribute to the ongoing development of religious thought. In a world marked by religious diversity, syncretism offers a pathway towards a more inclusive and harmonious coexistence. It encourages individuals to engage in interfaith dialogue, to explore the common threads that run through different religious traditions, and to appreciate the shared humanity that underlies diverse belief systems. Syncretism challenges us to move beyond rigid boundaries and embrace the fluidity and interconnectedness of human spirituality. By embracing syncretism, we can create a society that celebrates diversity while fostering unity. It allows us to appreciate the beauty and wisdom contained within different religious traditions, as well as the universal values that transcend specific beliefs. Syncretism encourages us to cultivate an open mind and a willingness to learn from one another, ultimately leading to greater understanding, empathy, and peace. In conclusion, syncretism in religion and rituals is a testament to the adaptability and resilience of human spirituality. It reflects the dynamic nature of religious traditions and the ongoing evolution of human understanding. By embracing syncretism, we can celebrate the diversity of religious expressions while recognizing the shared quest for meaning and connection. Syncretism offers us an opportunity to bridge divides, to promote dialogue and understanding, and to create a world where different religious traditions can coexist harmoniously. Let us embrace syncretism as a path towards unity, diversity, and a richer tapestry of human spirituality. ----- A decades old patron of New Age Islam, Dr Adis Duderija is a Senior Lecturer in the Study of Islam and Society, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science; Senior Fellow Centre for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue, Griffith University | Nathan | Queensland | Australia. His forthcoming books are ( co-edited)- Shame, Modesty, and Honora in Islam and Interfaith Engagement Beyond the Divide (Springer) URL: https://newageislam.com/interfaith-dialogue/syncretism-religion-rituals-diversity-unity/d/132154 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Israel And Hamas Play Whack-A-Mole

By James M. Dorsey for New Age Islam 18 April 2024 In February, the Biden administration asked Israel to stop targeting Hamas’ police force that was providing security for aid trucks entering Gaza and attempting to restore a semblance of law and order. A woman reacts as she watches a search for bodies near Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City on Wednesday ------- “In the absence of an alternative governance structure and continued inaction, Israel effectively perpetuates Hamas' civilian rule in Gaza, aiding in its resurgence for years to come,” commented Israeli journalist Yoav Zitun. Israel’s assault on Gaza has dealt body blows to Hamas in other ways, even if it has unsuccessfully sought to use hunger and lack of medical care as a catalyst for popular revolt against the group. Splits have emerged between Hamas’ leaders in Gaza, who are believed to be hiding in underground tunnels shielded by hostages abducted during the group’s attack on Israel on October 7 of last year, and its representatives in exile over how to handle ceasefire and prisoner exchange negotiations with Israel and its future strategy. Hamas is also feeling the heat of growing criticism of the group for provoking the Israeli assault that has devastated Gaza and reduced its 2.3 million inhabitants to destitution. In late March, Hamas felt compelled to issue a lengthy statement apologising to Gazans for their suffering. Hamas thanked Gazans for their resilience and acknowledged their “exhaustion.” The group said it was trying to alleviate the “difficulties” Gazans faced by among others attempting to impose “price controls,” but its capabilities were limited “because of the ongoing aggression.” Prices in Gaza have shot up astronomically with, for example, 30 eggs that cost US$2-3 before the war selling for US35-40. Prices have begun to drop with the recent increased flow of food into Gaza. Hamas said it was discussing ways to “resolve the problems caused by the (Israeli) occupation” with other armed factions, popular committees, and “families,” a reference to clans that Israel has sought to engage in creating an alternative post-war governance structure for Gaza. At the same time, the statement reiterated that the war would ultimately achieve Palestinian “victory and freedom.” It’s difficult to assess public sentiments in Gaza. The Palestine Centre for Policy and Survey Research produces the only credible regular public opinion polling in Gaza and the West Bank. Fifty-two per cent of Gaza respondents in March said they favoured a return to Hamas rule as opposed to the West Bank-based, internationally recognised Palestine Authority, an Arab peacekeeping force, the United Nations, or Israel. The Centre’s polling suggests that Gazan public opinion may be split, but assessments of the strength of anti-Hamas sentiment are primarily based on anecdotal evidence. Moreover, Hamas critics assert that Hamas represses expressions of criticism, complicating the gauging of anti-Hamas sentiment. “So many Gazans are forced to use aliases and hide their true identities when speaking out against Hamas & the horrendous impact of life under the Islamist group's violent and authoritarian rule… Conformity is strictly enforced; differing views and alternative opinions will not be tolerated and could result in harassment, attacks, delegitimization, and even violence,” said Ahmed Fouad Alkhatib, an anti-Hamas Palestinian-American, who hails from Gaza, keeps close contact with the Strip, and says he has lost 31 relatives in the seven-month-old Gaza war. Few will doubt that Hamas does what it can to suppress dissent. Yet, it's unclear how effective the group can be while under relentless Israeli assault. Even so, Gazan Hamas critics’ attempts to shield themselves complicate assessments of which social media postings are genuine and which are part of mis- or disinformation campaigns. Mr. Alkhatib vouches for the authenticity of Mohammed al-Falastin, a Hamas critic he knows personally, who uses a pseudonym to express his views on Twitter. “Hamas does not represent me, and what happened was not my choice and has nothing to do with me or my family. We are victims of mentally disturbed and mentally ill people who control our lives with iron and fire. I, my family, and many others in Gaza did not choose the path of Hamas,” Mr. Al-Falastin tweeted on April 12. Reporting in The Atlantic on a recent visit to the Middle East during which he met Gazans living in exile, Mr. Alkhatib, whose brother and family were fired at by Israeli tanks as they fled Gaza City on Israel’s instructions, paints a far more layered picture of the displacement of a majority of the Strip’s population. Israel insists that it has sought to avoid civilian casualties, in part by distributing millions of leaflets, phone calls, and text messages that called on Palestinians to evacuate to safe zones, which more often proved to be everything but. Palestinians say that in some instances, they were given as little as a minute to evacuate before Israel attacked their building. The physical devastation of Gaza and the high casualty rate, which the Gaza health ministry puts at more than 33,000 dead and 70,000+ wounded, suggests that, in the best of cases, Israeli efforts were ineffective. Mr. Alkhatib does not absolve Israel of responsibility for “horrendous acts against civilians, whether due to indifference, recklessness, or vengefulness.” However, he also points a finger at Hamas. “The Islamist terror group appears solely focused on its operational and tactical survival, regardless of the strategic consequences of its actions or the damage it inflicts on the Palestinian cause,” Mr. Alkhatib wrote. Mr. Alkhatib charged that Hamas fighters had placed roadside bombs on Gaza’s north-south Al-Rashid highway in November and opened fire on Palestinians fleeing the north. Similarly, he charges Hamas, and supportive clerics cite a Quranic verse that prohibits turning one’s back to the enemy when facing them on the battlefield to persuade Gazans to stay in their homes rather than seek safety elsewhere. Hamas’ strategy was to keep the north populated in a bid to make it more difficult for the Israeli military to operate, according to Mr. Alkhatib. Hamas may have persuaded some to follow its advice, but the fact that most Gazans are displaced suggests that the Hamas strategy, like the Israeli efforts, largely failed. Social media and mis-and disinformation scholar Marc Owen Jones took Mr. Alkhatib to task for some of his sourcing. In doing so, Mr. Jones highlighted Gaza-related information wars that will determine the outcome of the Gaza war as much as developments on the ground. Mr. Alkhatib hyperlinked an Israeli newspaper report quoting Amjad Taha, a journalist who espouses pro-Israeli and anti-Hamas views and whom Mr. Jones describes as a “known disinfluencer,” as the source for the Al-Rashid incident. Mr. Alkhatib also hyperlinked an Israeli media report on an Israeli military statement on an earlier incident in which Hamas allegedly killed 70 fleeing Palestinians that has been called into question by independent reporting. “By all means. criticize Hamas, but not on the basis of non-credible or plausible narratives,” Mr. Jones tweeted in a thread that sought to debunk Mr. AlKhatib’s assertions. ----- Dr. James M. Dorsey is an award-winning journalist and scholar, an Adjunct Senior Fellow at Nanyang Technological University’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and the author of the syndicated column and podcast, The Turbulent World with James M. Dorsey. URL: https://newageislam.com/islam-politics/israel-hamas-islamist-terror-zionist/d/132153 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Time To Pay Heed to Naseeruddin Shah and Ashok Lal's Concern

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 18 April 2024 Achchha Hai Abhi Tak Tera Kuchh Naam Nahin Hai Tujh Ko Kisi Mazhab Se Koi Kaam Nahin Hai Jis Ilm Ne Insaan Ko Taqseem Kiya Hai Uss Ilm Ka Tujh Par Koi Ilzaam Nahin Hai Sahir Ludhianavi, from the song " Tu Hindu Banega Na Musalmaan Banega," Film, Dhool Ka Phool, 1959 (Lucky that you still don't have a name/ You've no truck with any faith/ The 'knowledge' that has divided humans/ Hasn't yet cast its sinister shadow on you) All people, esp. young parents, must read Naseeruddin Shah and Ashok Lal's thought-provoking article 'Religion Is for Adults Only' that appeared in The Indian Express on April 16. Both opine that the law that mandates registration of a child's religion at birth damages the democratic fibre, promotes patriarchy and majoritarianism. The duo further argues that " A child supposedly has to grow to adulthood to make an informed choice about voting or marrying. There's no law, though, which compels anyone to vote or marry. The adult child has the freedom to refrain from making a choice. However, organised religion imposes, sometimes surreptitiously, but often directly, dos and don'ts, as also rights and wrongs. The hapless child has no choice but to accept the mythological 'truths' and the traditional 'wisdom' of the parents and other elders, and social pressures- the so-called 'Sanskaar ' or expected norms, rituals and rites. Such subtle but intense brainwashing interferes with the child's innate scientific temper, spiritual and individualistic growth. " The Amendment also mandates the registration of the religion of the parents, if they belong to different religions, against the column of the child’s religion. (Illustration by CR Sasikumar) ----- American philosopher and writer Daniel Dennett is of the view that if a child grows up without any faith and fear of god and at the age of 18 to 21, when he's grown up and asked to choose a faith, most probably he or she will choose none and will also have no fear of god. Society, parents and elders emasculate a child by giving him the crutches of religion and god right from the cradle days. So, he grows up as a terribly frightened individual reading the Quran, Gita, The Bible and parroting inane mantras and verses from all useless and discarded books just to please an ever-angry, egoistic and egotistic god who's immensely happy to see humans' servile and cloying devotion. Since religion is inextricably entwined with god, the moment an infant is religiously indoctrinated by the parents and elders, the fear of god also becomes a part of its consciousness. Such an ill-fated (on this count, almost all children are ill-fated) child will never be a free individual. He'll be a god-fearing (what a disparaging term!) and ritualistic individual till death. Parents have no right to stymie their children's natural development and mental growth. An infant's mind is a Tabula Rasa (Latin for A Clean Slate). Don't inscribe god and religion on it. Bring your child up sans any god and religion. Here, I must mention that there're couples in India and across the globe, who've no religion and they don't impose any faith on their children. But such advanced as well as evolved couples are few and far between. I interviewed at least 10 godless couples in Poona who've no religion and their children also don't follow any man-made faith. Nor are they fearful of an imaginary god. ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/religion-adults-gita-quran-sanskar/d/132152 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Verses from Quran Quoted Against Silting DMK MP and Candidate Jagatrakshagan Owing Liquor Factories In Tamil Nadu

By Syed Ali Mujtaba, New Age Islam 18 April 2024 As campaigning for the Lok Sabha election draws close in Tamil Nadu, verses from the holy Quran are quoted against the sitting DMK MP from the Arakkonam Parliamentary constituency for owning liquor factories. PMK’s Arakkonam candidate K. Balu is urging the people to vote against Jagatrakshagan, who owns two distilleries in his constituency. Holy Quran clearly says; “those who make people drink liquor are “Satans.” “There are ten sins mentioned in the holy Quran that are related to the manufacture, marketing, and retail sale of the liquor. Jagatrakshagan is involved in eight of the sins,” K. Balu says quoting verses from the Holy Quran. In the pamphlet K. Balu, urges that; Jagatrakshagan owns two liquor factories, ‘Accord Breweries and Distilleries’ in Nathanallur and Illayanar Veyloor villages in the Kanchipuram District of Tamil Nadu. He appeals to the Muslims to vote against sitting MP because the Quran is totally against liquor consumption and gambling. K. Balu was campaigning in Melvisharam, part of Ranipet Assembly Constituency with a large Muslim population. -- Syed Ali Mujtaba is a journalist based in Chennai. URL: https://newageislam.com/current-affairs/quran-dmk-mp-liquor-factories-tamil-nadu/d/132151 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Majority Is Mediocrity: Socio-Political Scenario in India Will Help Us Understand This Phenomenon

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 16 April 2024 The Sold Out Print and Visual Media, A Huge Team of IT Crusaders Working Overtime for This Government and Completely Spineless Sycophants Like Major Gaurav Arya, Maj Gen. G D Bakshi, Shrillest Warmonger in The Media, Pushpendra Kulshreshta, Whose Day Begins and Ends with Abusing Muslims, Among Others Have Been Extolling The 'Exploits' Of This Government and Condemning Muslims Relentlessly ------ "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect." Mark Twain Hujoom Jab Bhi Kahe Ke Ye Sahi Hai Samajhna, Mulk-E-Jaahilaan Yahi Hai Jaun Elia (Whenever the crowd says that this is right / Rest assured, this is the country of ignorant people) Mark Twain's quote, "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect" and Jaun Elia's almost similar Urdu couplet invite us to question the inherent nature of conformity and the allure it often holds. Twain reminds us that blindly aligning ourselves with the collective mentality can obscure independent thought and critical analysis. By advocating for a pause and reflection, he challenges the notion that popular opinion is always infallible or just. This quote serves as a call to action, urging us to consider our own principles and values before accepting consensus, emphasizing the importance of individual thought and introspection as essential virtues in navigating the complexities of societal dynamics. Jaun Elia's couplet also underscores the age-old wisdom that sanity and majority are seldom friends. Majority is like a herd of sheep; always in a state of submission and stupor. The current socio-political scenario in India will help us understand this phenomenon. Despite the existing political dispensation's failure on all fronts, a large number of people in India still believe that this is the best government India has ever got. The sold out print and visual media, a huge team of IT crusaders working overtime for this government and completely spineless sycophants like Major Gaurav Arya, Maj Gen. G D Bakshi, shrillest warmonger in the media, Pushpendra Kulshreshta, whose day begins and ends with abusing Muslims, among others have been extolling the 'exploits' of this government and condemning Muslims relentlessly. A majority of people think that these absolutely unethical characters with vested interests are bang on and this government is the best government. The credulous individuals have an aversion to using their brains because they blindly follow the majority. Bheed Mein Gum Ho Jaati Hai Aawaaz Apni/ Sun-Ni Ho Ise Toh Bheed Ka Hissa Na Ban (The voice is lost in the mayhem of crowd/ If you want to listen, stay away from the crowd). Voices of sanity, sensibility and sensitivity can thrive and survive only when we think individually and independently and avoid the majoritarian spirit. If you follow the nameless, faceless and brainless crowd, chances are that you too will become like them because majority is mediocrity. One must question and challenge the zeitgeist. So, instead of staying the course, charter your own path. Think individually, not collectively. ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/majority-mediocrity-socio-political-india-phenomenon/d/132145 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Anarchy At The Moment

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 15 April 2024 When MUSLIM Gangsters-Turned-Politicians Like Atiq Ahmed And His Brother Ashraf As Well As Mukhtar Ansari Were Systematically 'Eliminated' By The State In Cahoots With Police, Why Can't Criminals Like Lawrence Bishnoi, Goldy Brar, Brijesh Singh, Among Others Be Eliminated? ------- It was a tense Sunday for Salman Khan and his family as gunshots were fired outside his home -Galaxy Apartments- in Bandra, Mumbai in the early hours of 14 April. Salman Khan Photograph:(Twitter) ----- The Mumbai police has jumped into action and CCTV footage of the incident has also been released. Dreaded gangster Lawrence Bishnoi's brother Anmol Bishnoi has taken credit for the incident. Salman was accused of hunting blackbucks in 1998, which upset the Bishnoi community. Blackbucks are considered holy by the Bishnoi community. In 2018, during a court appearance, Lawrence Bishnoi said, "We will kill Salman Khan in Jodhpur. Everyone will know once we take action. I have not done anything as of now, they are accusing me of crimes for no reason.” When MUSLIM gangsters-turned-politicians like Atiq Ahmed and his brother Ashraf as well as Mukhtar Ansari were systematically 'eliminated' by the State in cahoots with police, why can't criminals like Lawrence Bishnoi, Goldy Brar, Brijesh Singh, among others be eliminated? Just because they're non-Muslims, they've been enjoying the 'protection' provided by the State. Criminal Lawrence Bishnoi is behind the bars. His brother is absconding. Yet, they're operating their everyday business of crimes from the slammer. Twenty six years ago, Salman hunted blackbucks and apologised as well. What else do these criminals want? I'm no fan of Salman Khan. I've not yet seen a single film he acted in. Yet, I feel that the Bishnoi gang is too harsh on him. Superstitious communities (read Hindus) in India give much more importance to animals than humans. Bury the hatchet. How does the government allow these Hindu criminals to operate from the prison? What does the judiciary do? Who provides cell phones, guns and other facilities to them despite being in jail? Such criminal gangs and their kingpins must be eliminated irrespective of their religions and political allegiance. But who'll bell the cat? Anarchy is going on at the moment. ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/current-affairs/anarchy-salman-bishnoi-mumbai/d/132140 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

The Business of Godmen: Baba Ramdev A Symptom of The Society Gripped by Faith-Blind Faith Combo

By Ram Puniyani for New Age Islam 15 April 2024 The Faith-Based Knowledge, And Thereby Treatment Systems Are Above Criticism. Many Babas Have Their Own System Of Treatment. The Protocol Of Medical Systems Is Evolved By Adapting To Better Systems. The Likes Of Ramdev Take The Advantage Of Holiness, To Be Above Criticism And Make Many Statements As They Like. ------- In the last couple of decades, we have seen the rapid rise of many godmen. They did have a social presence earlier as well but lately their increasing social influence and political clout has been quite frightening. Baba Ramdev. Photo: Bollywood Hungama/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0 ------ Many of them had a dark belly also, but by and large that has been overlooked and shadowed by the large divinity surrounding them. Shakaracharya Jayendra Sarswathi was accused of murder of an ashram worker, Shankararaman. In Satya Sai Baba’s Prasanthi Nilayam also there was a murder case. Gurmeet Ram Rahim carried on with his activities, one journalist Ram Chander Chhatrapati was killed for bringing forward his black deeds. Finally with difficulty law caught up with him and currently he is in jail, rather most of the time on parole. Asaram Bapuis another person who succeeded in escaping the clutches of law till a long time and is finally behind bars. Currently another one Bageshwar Dham Baba is having a roaring success with devotees. These are the tip of the iceberg, and around the country many such individuals are present who are mesmerising people in the trap of blind faith. The riches of most of these godmen are enviable. There are two others who are worth mentioning Sri Sri Ravishankar, who rampaged the Yamuna for his gala event. He was also associated with Anna Hazare’s Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) supported movement. He is in the news generally for subtly supporting Hindu nationalist politics. And then there is Baba Ramdev. He began his career as a Yoga guru with great success and then transitioned to the business world with the brand Patanjali. This firm, produces and markets Ayurvedic products and has brought Baba in the line of front ranking business tycoons, with huge assets. He and his close associate Acharya Balkrishna have built up a massive empire, un-challenged till lately. All his ayurveda products were publicised with great fanfare and a large section of media went gaga over his achievements. The academic qualifications of the Acharya and Baba duo are not much known. Currently there are many Ayurvedic Medical Colleges, but it is doubtful if they have any degree from these. On the pretext that they are posing an indigenous challenge to the multinational corporations, many of their methods probably went unchallenged. Matters came to a head during Covid 19. On one hand, the ruling government made hefty donations for the Pune-based Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin. On the other hand, within a month of the outbreak of the pandemic, Ramdev came up with the claim that they have developed a medicine for the treatment and prevention of the disease — ‘Coronil’. The claim was that it has the approval of WHO. When challenged by the Ayush ministry, they corrected themselves to say that it has been developed on the guidelines of WHO. Ayush ministry distanced itself from the claims of Ramdev. The combo pack of Coronil was launched with great fanfare in the presence of two Cabinet ministers, Dr. Harshvardhan and Nitin Gadkari. Dr. Harshvardhan himself is a trained medical doctor. There is currently a blind praise of ancient systems. Ramdev claimed that the medicine has been tested on 100 patients of mild to moderate severity and the Corona test became negative in a few days. He mentioned that he had tied up with a few doctors for the testing of the medicine. The protocol of introducing the medicines in modern medicine is preceded by biochemical analysis, animal testing and clinical double-blind trial of adequate size samples. This was not followed. Overawed with his commercial success, he not only accepted the praise from most of the godi media, he took a step further to call Allopathic as a stupid science. Irked by this, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) filed a case against him, which was heard recently. First, he apologised to IMA for insulting the modern medicine. Just to recall when he sat on a hunger strike against corruption, he claimed that he has a ‘Yoga body’ and he can withstand the fast for a long time. Within a few days his condition worsened and he was admitted to an allopathic hospital. Similarly, Acharya Balakrishna was seriously ill and had to be admitted to the ICU of an allopathic hospital in 2019. Even after the apex court’s warning, Ramdev’s firm continued the misleading advertisements. The court summoned him. He apologised profusely. The court refused to accept his apology and has asked him to mend his ways and come back again. The details of the whole episode apart, how come such faith-based knowledge and use of medications based on that have been on a rise for so long, what an arrogance to downgrade the modern system of medicine? One concedes there are lots of empirical wisdom in some traditional medicines and even in grandma’s medicines. The point however is that the modern system of medicine is based on evidence and peer review. The knowledge is ruthlessly subjected to review and criticism. And this is what leads to improvement leading to something close to what is useful. The faith-based knowledge, and thereby treatment systems are above criticism. Many Babas have their own system of treatment. The protocol of medical systems is evolved by adapting to better systems. The likes of Ramdev take the advantage of holiness, to be above criticism and make many statements as they like. He had proclaimed that he has treatment for Cancer, Aids and what have you. He even claimed that homosexuality is a disease and he can cure it. So far, he has the protection of the ‘system’ and that gave him the arrogance to downgrade the allopath and make irrational claims about ‘his’ system. And why are such Babas having gala time with their faith based claims? Last few decades have seen the rise of politics in the name of religion. This also harps on the ancient Indian knowledge systems. Taking these in a critical way is what science and rationalists will demand. This is what was demanded by the likes of Dr. Narendra Dabholkar, Govind Pansare, M.M. Kalburgi and Gauri Lankesh. They were done away for raising rational understanding. This is a period when rational thinking and methods are being undermined in the glare of ‘faith-based knowledge’. Even in our educational curriculum in the name of ‘Indian knowledge systems’ the faith-based things will form part of curriculum. Baba Ramdev is a symptom of the society gripped by faith-blind faith combo. The Supreme Court has done well to put a small stop to this ascending ‘Baba’ trend in the field of medicine. ----- Ram Puniyani is president of the Centre for Study of Society and Secularism. Source: The Business of Godmen: How Ramdev Was Protected and Even Promoted by the 'System' URL: https://newageislam.com/current-affairs/godmen-ramdev-symptom-blind-faith-combo/d/132138 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

The End-Day Cults: Superstitious Dimensions of Christianity

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 15 April 2024 A US influencer, who identifies as an astrologer and claimed to be “worried about the end of the world with the eclipse,” allegedly stabbed her partner to death at their Los Angeles apartment, reports claimed citing a Los Angeles Times article. Though claiming to be a 'soothsayer,' she had no idea whatsoever regarding the end of the world! This applies to all astrologers and clairvoyants whose predictions are based on a pseudo-science called astrology. Phir Hatheli Pe Lakeeron Ka Samandar Dekhoon La Tera Haath Ke Main Apna Muqaddar Dekhoon (Let me see the sea of lines on your palm/ Give me your hand so that I can check my own fate) One thing intrigues me and will continue to intrigue me as to what draws so many of us, despite our 'better' judgment, to scan the daily horoscopes? Is it a sheer fun, inveterate habit or a Pavlovian response? Astrology, especially sun-sign or moon-sign (the oriental system) based astrology has an ambiguous basis. It's an intelligent fraud and an aesthetic affront to the real wonder of astronomy. Moreover, planets can get retrograde, constellations shift shape anyway, and everything jiggled around a lot since Ptolemy first codified the sky. Astrology is a mass-produced secondary superstition, part of the oppressive "culture industry" that lulls you into passivity and acceptance the way religion once did and is still doing. It's a pleasant deception; a veritable placebo. Otherwise also, the average man is a conformist, accepting miseries and disasters with the stoicism of a cow standing in the rain. Karl Marx wrote, "Astrology is a further manifestation of religious inertness and passivity. It manifests the concept of preordained destiny in all religions." 'Why has this happened to me' has a plausible answer hidden in the crevices of astrology. We human beings are fatalists. All languages, except for the Finnish (language of Finland), have a word related to fate, for example 'ill-fated', 'misfortune', 'Badqismat', 'Durbhagya', 'Durdaiv', 'ill-starred' et al. All these words determine our mental and linguistic make-up and create a passive conformity in almost all of us, however advanced he / she may be in thinking. Here comes astrology to our rescue with its specious explanations. Cantonese Chinese (not so prevalent like Mandarin) has a word that means 'fate-reader,' used for an astrologer. We consult astrologers because we have no sense of certitude. At the same time, 'willing suspension of disbelief' also works in the minds of those of us who are rational. You may have a nagging sense of disbelief about the whole thing, but you prefer to shelve that for a while. That's the reason, seldom do we come across a person who doesn't show his / her hand if there's an astrologer/ palmist in the group. Despite the shifting of planets and predictions going haywire, astrology will continue to thrive because astrologers will be able to convince us with their incontrovertible explanations. And we'll believe them the way some of us believe that whenever someone meets with an accident during a pilgrimage, he / she immediately goes to heaven! So long as we remain dependent on all these esoteric objects and 'sciences' we will languish in the dark dungeons of our own selves. An unknown English poet of Alexander Pope and John Dryden's era succinctly wrote, "Stars and sky cannot change our destiny / In our mind, we all need a mutiny." Yes, we all need a mutiny in our minds to rebel against all these irrationalities and anomalies. "Na Raha Chaand Sitaron Ka Main Mohtaj Kabhi / Apni Mehnat Ke Sada Maine Ujale Dekhe / Tazkira Lakeeron Ka Usne Wahin Chhod Diya / Jab Nujoomi Ne Mere Haath Ke Chhale Dekhe" (I ain't dependent on the moon and stars / I have seen the lights of my endeavours / The astrologer immediately gave up / The moment he saw the blisters in my palm). Moreover, religion and astrology are inextricably interwoven as astrology is also a universal superstition. All superstitions spring from the womb of religion. The End-Day Cults based on Doomsday prophecies are very popular among the devout Christians in the US. Christianity, like any other faith, is a huge sham. It revolves around a person (Jesus) who never existed! My Parsi friend Dr Navroze Kotwal, who's a top-notch dental surgeon based in Bombay, told me that when he was studying at Indiana University in the US from 1968 to 1971, teenagers would knock at the door and ask whether he believed in Christ? If he said 'no', they (Christian teenagers) would tell that those who didn't believe, would go to hell! This is how religion poisons the minds. It's worthwhile to mention that the above-mentioned astrologer who stabbed her partner and committed suicide was a member and proponent of an End-Day Cult. Religion completely 'eclipses' our thinking and the fear of god reduces us to behave like zombies. ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/end-day-cults-superstitious-christianity/d/132137 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Muslims And Non-Muslims: Refuting The Extremist Doctrine Of Al-Wala Wal-Bara

By Grace Mubashir, New Age Islam 13 April 2024 Understanding This Doctrine Is Crucial For A Nuanced View Of Its Implications On Both Intra-Islamic Relations And Broader Interfaith Interactions. Main Points: 1. The Quranic discourse on the Kuffar (non-believers) is extensive and varies in interpretation 2. al-Wala wal-Bara has evolved from a tribal concept into a complex ideological tool used within various contexts, from theological debates to justifications for political violence 3. In recent years, this ideology has been propagated by modern clerics like Ahmad Musa Jibril and Abdullah al-Faisal, who have utilized social media platforms to reach a global audience. ------ This discussion explores the complex perspectives within Islam regarding its own teachings and how it interacts with non-Muslims. Some interpretative traditions within Islam emphasize a defensive posture, rooted in historical contexts where Muslims faced aggression. This view is encapsulated by scholars like Sheikh Muhammad al-Sha‘rawi, who in his work "al-Jihād fil-Islām," argues that jihad is fundamentally defensive, aimed at protecting the community from external threats rather than promoting forced conversion or expansionism. Al-Sha‘rawi stresses that the primary interactions with non-Muslims should be through peaceful Da‘wah (proselytizing) and cooperation, based on mutual respect and tolerance. This perspective contrasts with more divisive interpretations that have emerged in various historical and modern contexts. For instance, the doctrine of al-Wala wal-Bara underscores a strict loyalty to the Muslim community and a disavowal of those outside it, based on certain interpretations of Islamic texts. This doctrine, emphasized in Wahhabi thought and discussed by scholars like Sheikh Muhammad al-Qahtani and Ibn Taymiyyah, suggests a dichotomy between believers and non-believers, influencing social and political attitudes towards non-Muslims. The Quranic discourse on the Kuffar (non-believers) is extensive and varies in interpretation. While some verses are interpreted as advocating severe measures against those who threaten the Islamic community, others emphasize coexistence and compassion towards non-believers unless directly threatened. Scholars like Bernard Lewis have noted that the Quran instructs Muslims to show compassion and kindness within their community and to be firm against threats from outside the community, but this does not necessarily equate to perpetual hostility in all circumstances. The interpretations of these texts can differ greatly depending on the theological, historical, and cultural context of the interpreters. This highlights the diverse ways in which Islamic teachings are understood and applied across different communities and periods, reflecting a broader spectrum of beliefs and practices within Islam than might be apparent from a single viewpoint. The concept of al-Wala wal-Bara in Islamic theology emphasizes loyalty to fellow believers and disavowal of disbelief. This principle is deeply rooted in the belief in Tawhid, the oneness of Allah, and it forms a fundamental aspect of the Islamic faith, shaping how adherents relate to those outside their faith. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Refuting The Jihadist Doctrine Of Al-Wala Wal Bara (Loving And Hating For The Sake Of Allah) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Evolution of Al-Wala wal-Bara In the tribal society of pre-Islamic Arabia, the verbs "Wala" (to accept) and "Bara" (to expel) were used to describe the acts of inclusion and exclusion within the community. This concept evolved into Al-Wala Wa-L-Bara within the Islamic context, initially utilized by the Kharijites to emphasize loyalty among their own and rejection of others. The Kharijites, who emerged after rejecting a peace treaty between Caliph Ali and Mu’awiya during the Battle of Siffin in 657 AD, later played a role in Ali’s assassination and continued conflicts with Mu’awiya’s supporters. Considered deviant by mainstream Islamic jurisprudence, their strict interpretation of loyalty and disavowal laid early foundations for the concept. This binary concept of allegiance and opposition was revitalized in the late eighteenth century by Sulayman ibn ‘Abdallah al-Shaykh, a descendant of the Wahhabi movement's founder. He infused al-Wala wal-Bara with theological significance, asserting that true Islamic faith necessitates both love for God and hatred for His enemies. This interpretation was further developed by subsequent scholars like ‘Ali Ibn ‘Atiq’, who linked it directly with Tawheed (the Islamic doctrine of monotheism), arguing that true monotheism inherently requires disavowal of polytheists. The revival took a more political turn in the twentieth century. In 1979, Juhayman al-’Utaybi and his followers, claiming to uphold al-Wala wal-Bara, seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca. This incident demonstrated a shift towards using the concept as a justification for political and militant actions against perceived enemies of Islam, both within and outside the Muslim world. Abu Muhammad al Maqdisi, a prominent ideologue, later argued that al-Wala wal-Bara was not just a part of Islam but a foundation, equating the denial of this concept with the denial of Islam itself. His teachings have influenced a new generation of jihadists, including those who see the West and its allies as principal adversaries. By the 1990s, figures like Humud b. ‘Uqala’ al-Shu‘aybi further politicized al-Wala wal-Bara, interpreting it as a theological imperative to oppose Western influence and military presence in Muslim lands. This perspective gained further traction post-9/11, with figures like Ayman al-Zawahiri emphasizing a perpetual state of bara against non-Muslims and governments cooperating with the West. In recent years, this ideology has been propagated by modern clerics like Ahmad Musa Jibril and Abdullah al-Faisal, who have utilized social media platforms to reach a global audience. Their teachings, which emphasize hatred towards non-Islamic governance and societal systems, have been linked to various acts of extremism and are seen as contributing to the radicalization of individuals worldwide. Thus, al-Wala wal-Bara has evolved from a tribal concept into a complex ideological tool used within various contexts, from theological debates to justifications for political violence. Its interpretation and application continue to influence contemporary Islamic thought and global geopolitical dynamics. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Peaceful Coexistence in Islam: A Middle Path Between Al-Wala And Al-Bara? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Theological Foundations and Social Implications Al-Wala wal-Bara translates to loyalty and disavowal. It requires Muslims to align themselves with what is halal (permissible) and disassociate from what is haram (forbidden). This doctrine is considered by some to be nearly as important as Tawhīd itself, underlining the significance of maintaining purity of faith and practice. Interactions with Non-Muslims The Quran and Hadiths, sources of Islamic scripture and teachings, discuss the relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims. Verses in the Quran, such as those in Surat al-Fatiha, guide Muslims to follow the path of those favoured by Allah and avoid the paths of those who have earned wrath or gone astray. Historical interpretations, like those by al-Tabari, suggest specific references to Jews and Christians in these contexts. Al-Wala wal-Bara in Global and Political Contexts In a broader sense, al-Wala wal-Bara impacts Islamic political theory, particularly in the distinctions made between Dar al-Islām (the domain of Islam) and Dar al-Harb (the domain of war). This delineation frames the geopolitical worldview of some Islamic schools of thought, which see a natural state of conflict with non-Islamic realms until they are brought under Islamic governance. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Takfeer, Wala Wal Bara’a, Darul Islam vs. Darul Harb—Three Major Catalysts of the Jihadist Radicalization: Rebuttals from the Classical Islamic Sources -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Salafi-Jihadi Interpretations Extremist groups, such as Salafi-Jihadis, adopt a stringent interpretation of al-Wala wal-Bara. They believe in rigorous adherence to their version of Islam and practice Takfir, where Muslims deemed insufficiently devout or accused of violating Islamic principles are labelled apostates. This radical ideology supports their justification for violence against both Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Fitrah Doctrine The concept of Fitrah, or the natural disposition towards Islam, plays a crucial role in Islamic missionary activities. It holds that every human is born with an innate inclination towards Islam, and deviations from this path are due to external influences. This belief underpins efforts to revert individuals to what is considered their original faith. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Jihadist Atrocities and the Salafi-Wahhabi Doctrine of Al-Wala-Wal-Bara (Loyalty with Salafi-Wahhabi Muslims and Enmity against all non-Salafi-Wahhabi Muslims and non-Muslims) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Concluding Thoughts The doctrine of al-Wala wal-Bara is complex and multifaceted, influencing both personal faith and collective identity among Muslims. While it fosters a strong sense of community among believers, its interpretations vary widely, with some adopting it as a call for exclusivity and others viewing it as a spiritual guideline for personal conduct. Understanding this doctrine is crucial for a nuanced view of its implications on both intra-Islamic relations and broader interfaith interactions. ----- A regular columnist for NewAgeIslam.com, Mubashir V.P is a PhD scholar in Islamic Studies at Jamia Millia Islamia and freelance journalist. URL: https://newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/muslims-refuting-extremist-doctrine-wala-bara/d/132130 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Muslims And Non-Muslims: Refuting The Extremist Doctrine Of Al-Wala Wal-Bara

By Grace Mubashir, New Age Islam 13 April 2024 Understanding This Doctrine Is Crucial For A Nuanced View Of Its Implications On Both Intra-Islamic Relations And Broader Interfaith Interactions. Main Points: 1. The Quranic discourse on the Kuffar (non-believers) is extensive and varies in interpretation 2. al-Wala wal-Bara has evolved from a tribal concept into a complex ideological tool used within various contexts, from theological debates to justifications for political violence 3. In recent years, this ideology has been propagated by modern clerics like Ahmad Musa Jibril and Abdullah al-Faisal, who have utilized social media platforms to reach a global audience. ------ This discussion explores the complex perspectives within Islam regarding its own teachings and how it interacts with non-Muslims. Some interpretative traditions within Islam emphasize a defensive posture, rooted in historical contexts where Muslims faced aggression. This view is encapsulated by scholars like Sheikh Muhammad al-Sha‘rawi, who in his work "al-Jihād fil-Islām," argues that jihad is fundamentally defensive, aimed at protecting the community from external threats rather than promoting forced conversion or expansionism. Al-Sha‘rawi stresses that the primary interactions with non-Muslims should be through peaceful Da‘wah (proselytizing) and cooperation, based on mutual respect and tolerance. This perspective contrasts with more divisive interpretations that have emerged in various historical and modern contexts. For instance, the doctrine of al-Wala wal-Bara underscores a strict loyalty to the Muslim community and a disavowal of those outside it, based on certain interpretations of Islamic texts. This doctrine, emphasized in Wahhabi thought and discussed by scholars like Sheikh Muhammad al-Qahtani and Ibn Taymiyyah, suggests a dichotomy between believers and non-believers, influencing social and political attitudes towards non-Muslims. The Quranic discourse on the Kuffar (non-believers) is extensive and varies in interpretation. While some verses are interpreted as advocating severe measures against those who threaten the Islamic community, others emphasize coexistence and compassion towards non-believers unless directly threatened. Scholars like Bernard Lewis have noted that the Quran instructs Muslims to show compassion and kindness within their community and to be firm against threats from outside the community, but this does not necessarily equate to perpetual hostility in all circumstances. The interpretations of these texts can differ greatly depending on the theological, historical, and cultural context of the interpreters. This highlights the diverse ways in which Islamic teachings are understood and applied across different communities and periods, reflecting a broader spectrum of beliefs and practices within Islam than might be apparent from a single viewpoint. The concept of al-Wala wal-Bara in Islamic theology emphasizes loyalty to fellow believers and disavowal of disbelief. This principle is deeply rooted in the belief in Tawhid, the oneness of Allah, and it forms a fundamental aspect of the Islamic faith, shaping how adherents relate to those outside their faith. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Refuting The Jihadist Doctrine Of Al-Wala Wal Bara (Loving And Hating For The Sake Of Allah) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Evolution of Al-Wala wal-Bara In the tribal society of pre-Islamic Arabia, the verbs "Wala" (to accept) and "Bara" (to expel) were used to describe the acts of inclusion and exclusion within the community. This concept evolved into Al-Wala Wa-L-Bara within the Islamic context, initially utilized by the Kharijites to emphasize loyalty among their own and rejection of others. The Kharijites, who emerged after rejecting a peace treaty between Caliph Ali and Mu’awiya during the Battle of Siffin in 657 AD, later played a role in Ali’s assassination and continued conflicts with Mu’awiya’s supporters. Considered deviant by mainstream Islamic jurisprudence, their strict interpretation of loyalty and disavowal laid early foundations for the concept. This binary concept of allegiance and opposition was revitalized in the late eighteenth century by Sulayman ibn ‘Abdallah al-Shaykh, a descendant of the Wahhabi movement's founder. He infused al-Wala wal-Bara with theological significance, asserting that true Islamic faith necessitates both love for God and hatred for His enemies. This interpretation was further developed by subsequent scholars like ‘Ali Ibn ‘Atiq’, who linked it directly with Tawheed (the Islamic doctrine of monotheism), arguing that true monotheism inherently requires disavowal of polytheists. The revival took a more political turn in the twentieth century. In 1979, Juhayman al-’Utaybi and his followers, claiming to uphold al-Wala wal-Bara, seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca. This incident demonstrated a shift towards using the concept as a justification for political and militant actions against perceived enemies of Islam, both within and outside the Muslim world. Abu Muhammad al Maqdisi, a prominent ideologue, later argued that al-Wala wal-Bara was not just a part of Islam but a foundation, equating the denial of this concept with the denial of Islam itself. His teachings have influenced a new generation of jihadists, including those who see the West and its allies as principal adversaries. By the 1990s, figures like Humud b. ‘Uqala’ al-Shu‘aybi further politicized al-Wala wal-Bara, interpreting it as a theological imperative to oppose Western influence and military presence in Muslim lands. This perspective gained further traction post-9/11, with figures like Ayman al-Zawahiri emphasizing a perpetual state of bara against non-Muslims and governments cooperating with the West. In recent years, this ideology has been propagated by modern clerics like Ahmad Musa Jibril and Abdullah al-Faisal, who have utilized social media platforms to reach a global audience. Their teachings, which emphasize hatred towards non-Islamic governance and societal systems, have been linked to various acts of extremism and are seen as contributing to the radicalization of individuals worldwide. Thus, al-Wala wal-Bara has evolved from a tribal concept into a complex ideological tool used within various contexts, from theological debates to justifications for political violence. Its interpretation and application continue to influence contemporary Islamic thought and global geopolitical dynamics. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Peaceful Coexistence in Islam: A Middle Path Between Al-Wala And Al-Bara? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Theological Foundations and Social Implications Al-Wala wal-Bara translates to loyalty and disavowal. It requires Muslims to align themselves with what is halal (permissible) and disassociate from what is haram (forbidden). This doctrine is considered by some to be nearly as important as Tawhīd itself, underlining the significance of maintaining purity of faith and practice. Interactions with Non-Muslims The Quran and Hadiths, sources of Islamic scripture and teachings, discuss the relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims. Verses in the Quran, such as those in Surat al-Fatiha, guide Muslims to follow the path of those favoured by Allah and avoid the paths of those who have earned wrath or gone astray. Historical interpretations, like those by al-Tabari, suggest specific references to Jews and Christians in these contexts. Al-Wala wal-Bara in Global and Political Contexts In a broader sense, al-Wala wal-Bara impacts Islamic political theory, particularly in the distinctions made between Dar al-Islām (the domain of Islam) and Dar al-Harb (the domain of war). This delineation frames the geopolitical worldview of some Islamic schools of thought, which see a natural state of conflict with non-Islamic realms until they are brought under Islamic governance. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Takfeer, Wala Wal Bara’a, Darul Islam vs. Darul Harb—Three Major Catalysts of the Jihadist Radicalization: Rebuttals from the Classical Islamic Sources -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Salafi-Jihadi Interpretations Extremist groups, such as Salafi-Jihadis, adopt a stringent interpretation of al-Wala wal-Bara. They believe in rigorous adherence to their version of Islam and practice Takfir, where Muslims deemed insufficiently devout or accused of violating Islamic principles are labelled apostates. This radical ideology supports their justification for violence against both Muslims and non-Muslims alike. Fitrah Doctrine The concept of Fitrah, or the natural disposition towards Islam, plays a crucial role in Islamic missionary activities. It holds that every human is born with an innate inclination towards Islam, and deviations from this path are due to external influences. This belief underpins efforts to revert individuals to what is considered their original faith. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Also Read: Jihadist Atrocities and the Salafi-Wahhabi Doctrine of Al-Wala-Wal-Bara (Loyalty with Salafi-Wahhabi Muslims and Enmity against all non-Salafi-Wahhabi Muslims and non-Muslims) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Concluding Thoughts The doctrine of al-Wala wal-Bara is complex and multifaceted, influencing both personal faith and collective identity among Muslims. While it fosters a strong sense of community among believers, its interpretations vary widely, with some adopting it as a call for exclusivity and others viewing it as a spiritual guideline for personal conduct. Understanding this doctrine is crucial for a nuanced view of its implications on both intra-Islamic relations and broader interfaith interactions. ----- A regular columnist for NewAgeIslam.com, Mubashir V.P is a PhD scholar in Islamic Studies at Jamia Millia Islamia and freelance journalist. URL: https://newageislam.com/islamic-ideology/muslims-refuting-extremist-doctrine-wala-bara/d/132130 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Israel And America Want To Drag Iran Into Gaza Conflict To Get Greater Political And Diplomatic Leverage

By New Age Islam Staff Writer 13 April 2024 The US Has Always Called Iran The Axis Of Evil. Main Points: 1. Most terrorist attacks have been carried out by US-Saudi backed Sunni terrorist outfits. 2. Iran's commander Qasim Soleimani actually fought US-backed ISIL, Al Qaida etc. 3. 9/11 attackers were from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE and Lebanon. 4. All 9/11 attackers were Sunni. ----- Iranian ‘bogey’ in Palestine conflict ----- Mr Bhopinder Singh takes a look at the Israel-Hamas war from a realistic point of view. He rightly points out the hypocrisy of the US in dealing with the terrorist organisations active in the middle east and in handling the Gaza conflict and crisis. The US has always looked at Iran as its arch enemy because it has not kowtowed before the US policy in the middle east and has stood in the way of its economic and military interests in the mid-east. The US has designated Iran the Axis of Evil with its allies Hezbollah and Houthis but ignores the fact that most of the terrorist acts were committed by Sunni militant and terrorist organisations like ISIL, Al Qaida etc. None of the 11 terrorists involved in 9/ 11 was Sunni. They were from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt and Lebanon. In fact, Iran has been at war with these Sunni terrorist organisations active in Syria and Iraq. The Arabs have not supported the cause of Palestine. Hamas is a Sunni outfit which did not get the support of Arab countries . Iran supported it despite sectarian differences. During the Israel- Hamas war, Iran and its Shia allies Hezbollah and Houthis provided military support to Hamas which made a lot of difference to Israel while the oil rich Arab countries sat back in their comfort zone and watch the televised genocide in Gaza. Thanks to Iran's military support to Hamas, Israel could not crush Hamas even after 6 months of continued bombardment Therefore, Israel started hitting Iran to deter it from supporting Hamas and Hezbollah. It carried out a number of strikes on Iran's military and diplomatic personnel and killed about a dozen military and diplomatic officers within the last two months. Two terrorist attacks have also been carried out inside Iran by the US-Israel backed ISIS within the last few weeks. The objective behind attacks on Iran seemed to be provoking Iran to enter into a direct conflict with Israel so that the US and Israel get the justification to attack Iran's nuclear sites in the name of self defence. The US had imposed sanctions on Iran to halt its nuclear programme. Israel sees Iran's nuclear programme as a threat to its survival. Iran's direct involvement in the Gaza war will also compel the Sunni Arab countries to further back out with whatever moral support they have been extending to the, Palestinians. The US had also been criticising Israel for its mishandling of the Palestine war. The US had even talked tough with Netanyahu for killing aid workers and had threatened to stop military help to him. But as Iran threatened to attack Israel, the US again reiterated its 'iron clad' military support to Israel. This statement was a morale booster for Israel. Therefore, if Iran really attacks Israel, the US and UK will jump to defend Israel giving strength to it. On 7th April, Israel had withdrawn all its brigades except one from Gaza strip and had got drubbing from Hamas after that. In this scenario, Iran 's entry into the war will benefit Israel. Iran has also read the possible outcome and therefore decided to keep striking Israel through its proxies, particularly Hezbollah. Recently, Hezbollah has intensified attacks on Israel and may continue to help Hezbollah to provide military support to inflict greater damage to Israel indirectly. ----- Iranian ‘Bogey’ In Palestine Conflict By Bhopinder Singh 10 April 2024 Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu aims to broaden the scope of the conflict by involving Iran, leveraging the negative perceptions of Iranians in the West For decades, US-Israel has consistently blamed Iran for most of the terror attacks, even when actual participants have hailed from countries and organisations inimical to Iran. For example, the nationalities of the 19 hijackers of the 9/11 attack were 15 from Saudi Arabia, 2 from the United Arab Emirates and 1 each from Egypt and Lebanon. All were non-Iranians or even non-Shias — each from a country then known to be staunch allies of the United States of America. Yet within months of the attacks, then US President George Bush had gone on to coin the phrase ‘axis of evil’ including the troika of Iran, Iraq and North Korea. Historical and irreconcilable antipathy between a Shia extremist Iran and between Sunni supremacist forces like Osama bin Laden’s Al Qaida was always conveniently ignored. The fact that most turf wars (earlier and current), be it in the unforgiving swathes of Afghanistan, Iraq or Syria are played out between sectarian and ideological proxies from either of the two distinct sides, has also been ignored. A creative and often unconvincing conflation of the two historically-at-war forces by somehow linking with specious details of the so-called Iran ‘hand’ whenever there was a terror attack on assets and personnel of the ‘Western’ bloc (read, US-Israel-Sheikhdoms), was always insisted. The fact that Iran and its proxy Shia militias led by the likes of General Qasim Soleimani were at the forefront of taking on forces like ISIL, Al Qaida and other Sunni militias, has been successfully obliterated in larger imagination. However, while Iran and its co-sectarian proxies like Hezbollah in Lebanon or Houthis in Yemen were naturally pitted against the rival Arab/Sunni forces (sovereign or otherwise) — the disproportionate demonising of Iran with its supposed role in terrorism, almost instinctively led to blaming Iran for all problems whilst overlooking the pernicious role played by the Sheikhdoms in breeding violent forces that were to go their way or even rogue e.g., Al Qaida or ISIL. The much-vilified Iran felt slighted and retained its belligerent posture and rhetoric against the ‘West’ which somehow was then used by the ‘West’ to prove its over-creative accusations against Iran. It became an endless circle of blame game and by owning the ‘monopoly on truth’, Iran was persistently fingered and accused of doing things that it did do and also for things that it probably didn’t do! Perhaps the only predominantly Sunni militia in the Middle East that has retained a modicum of support from the Iranians has been the Palestinian Hamas — they, have overlooked the sectarian angularity in favour of practicality by accepting Iranian support as the Sheikhdoms had virtually abandoned the Palestinian cause (after legitimising, normalising and formalising relations with Israel) and it was left to Tehran to support a virtually forgotten Hamas which was left to fend for itself. But realistically Iran’s leverage on Hamas is not expected to be like the sort of substantial leverage it has on forces like Hezbollah, Houthis et al. Many independent experts have commented on the ignorance of Iranian authorities in the planning of the 7th October attack on Israel — the difference between ‘support’ and ‘leverage’ is key in understanding the Iranian control over Hamas. So, Iran does support Hamas, but it is highly unlikely that it was privy to the attack plans in Israel, as so secret was the operation that not only was the famed Israeli intelligence caught by complete surprise, but so were many of Hamas operatives themselves. Yet much like the instinctive name-calling of Iran as the principal enemy for everything that goes wrong in the Middle East, Israelis left no stone unturned to blame the Iranians, squarely. In recent times, beyond the rhetorical sabre-rattling by Iran’s actual proxy i.e., Hezbollah and the odd firing of rockets and gunfire (not exactly the opening of a front), both Hezbollah and Iranians have confined themselves to verbosity as opposed to any major military action. But the Israelis have way gone beyond pulverising the Gaza Strip killing an unprecedented 30,000 Gazans, attacking NGO-Aid personnel with impunity and now even hitting the Iranian consulate building in Syria’s capital, Damascus. Two senior Iranian commanders of the Quds Force along with at least 9 others have been killed. Most likely these Iranian forces would have been involved in overlooking and supporting operations in the Syrian theatre along with forces of Syrian President, Bashir al Assad (a co-sectarian ally) against forces of disparate militias from the same fount that germinated ISIL, Al Qaida etc., But like in the killing of the legendary Iranian General Suleiman Qasimi, even this time the Israelis insisted on the rote like that they had, “been behind many attacks on Israeli and American assets and had plans for additional attacks”. More likely than not, an increasingly isolated (externally and internally) Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, is seeking to expand the conflict contours by drawing in Iran as the Iranians remain the favourite ‘bogey’ that elicits negative reactions amongst most Jews and Americans, irrespective of their partisan loyalties. Strangely, it legitimises Netanyahu’s disproportionate belligerence and missteps by deflecting blame games from himself by taking on the Iranians, who were not exactly the primary participants. It is an age-old invocation of a formula of convenience and half-truths. ----- Bhopinder Singh, a military veteran, is a former Lt Governor of Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Puducherry. The views expressed are personal) URL: https://newageislam.com/islam-west/israel-america-iran-gaza-political-diplomatic/d/132129 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Let Success Come In Bits And Pieces

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 13 April 2024 What's Come To Perfection, Perishes. Robert Browning Saari Bulandiyan Ek Hi Din Mein Na Haasil Kar Mere Dost, Kal Ke Liye Bhi Kuchh Bacha Ke Rakh Afsar Merathi (Don't achieve all the heights so fast and so early/ My friend, spare something for tomorrow as well) Robert Browning's quote, "What's come to perfection perishes," and Afsar Merathi's famous couplet capture a profound truth about the impermanence of things that have reached their pinnacle. It highlights the paradoxical nature of achievement and the subsequent downfall that often follows. Robert Browning and Afsar suggest that when something or someone has reached its full potential and reached a state of 'perfection,' it's susceptible to decay and eventual demise. This quote as well as the couplet serve as a reminder that nothing in life is eternal, and even the greatest accomplishments and achievements are subject to the passage of time and the inevitability of change. It encourages us to appreciate the fleeting nature of 'perfection' and to find beauty and fulfilment in the ongoing process of growth and improvement, rather than solely focusing on the end result. Hakim Sanai says, "I slowly travel towards my destination because I'm worried, if I reach early, what'll I do after that?" This is a beautiful and most sagacious apprehension, if at all you want to call it an apprehension. "Where'll I go and What'll I do after achieving so much, so early?" There's no conceit or arrogance here. Life needs constant motivation to march on. To quote Nida Fazli, "Duniya Na Jeet Paao Toh Haaro Na Khud Ko Tum/ Kuchh Na Kuchh Zehan Mein Naarazgi Rahe" (Even if you can't win the world, don't get disheartened/ Let a sense of mild exasperation remain in the heart). This smouldering sense of exasperation eggs us on to surge ahead in life's sojourn. Once we achieve something, saturation point invariably comes. On the top of the world's highest peak, Everest, Edmund Hillary asked Tenzing Norgay: What's left for us to achieve? What begins with a bang, often ends with a whimper. Too many promising careers have gone kaput because success came too fast and too early. To quote Seemaab Akbarabadi, "Zarf Chahiye Har Kaam Ke Liye/ Kamzarfon Ko Aksar Kaamyaabi Hazm Nahin Hoti" (One needs to have a sterling character for everything/ Lowly people often cannot digest success). So very true. Ergo, success must come steadily to keep us constantly engaged in life's varied and myriad upheavals. The train of life gets derailed if success comes all of a sudden. Let it come in bits and pieces. Remember, Hazrat Moosa Bhi Taab-e-Tajalli-e-Ilahi Na La Sake (Legend has it that even Moses couldn't withstand sudden effulgence of Allah). ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/success-bits-pieces/d/132128 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Once Again Bertrand Russell For You!

By Sumit Paul, New Age Islam 12 April 2024 The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain and wiser people so full of doubts.........Bertrand Russell ----- Bertrand Russell ----- Bertrand Russell's quote perfectly captures a fundamental issue plaguing society - the problem of misguided certainty and doubt. In his assertion, Russell suggests that fools and fanatics are consistently convinced of their beliefs, without room for doubt or intellectual curiosity. On the other hand, wiser individuals, being more thoughtful and experienced, are often ridden with doubt and hesitation. This dichotomy highlights a critical aspect of human nature; those who are supremely confident in their convictions may inadvertently cause harm or perpetuate ignorance, while those who possess wisdom and intellectual humility may find themselves Sidelined or doubted. This quote serves as a reminder for us to embrace humility and critical thinking, and to challenge our own certainties for the betterment of our world. All fanatics are brim-full with an overwhelming sense of (negative) certitude. Fools and fanatics are always in the majority. By the way, way back in 1967, a film 'Aman' hit the marquee. Rajendra Kumar was the hero of the movie and his meeting with Bertrand Russell was a part of the film. You can see Rajendra Kumar conversing with Russell on the screen. After the shooting, Rajendra Kumar was having an informal chat with one of the greatest modern minds. He requested Russell to give his autograph with a quote. Russell wrote in Rajendra Kumar's notebook, " Avoid fools and fanatics because they're never amenable to reason and logic." Rajendra Kumar mentioned this in an interview to an English film magazine in 1972. Fools and fanatics are indeed not amenable to reason and logic. We see this happening all over the world. The fanatics of Hamas attacked Israel and equally fanatic Israel retaliated with a vengeance. The war is still going on. Foolish Putin invaded Ukraine and devastated a whole country. To be unwaveringly certain about an issue or ideology is not an admirable quality. Fanatics, esp. religious fanatics are often unshakably certain about their beliefs and they erroneously think that the tenets of their faith and belief system are inalterable. They're never ready to accept that they could ever be wrong or their beliefs may be questionable at times. Fanatics and fools are like frogs. You may have noticed, the moment a frog croaks, other frogs also start croaking in unison. It's a veritable chorus. When one fanatic propounds something foolish, other fanatics of his ilk will emulate him. That's also a very powerful reason for their obstinate certainty because they know that they'll soon have a herd of people coming to their rescue with similar silly thinking. Fallacy of the Majority works in favour of fools and fanatics. But a truly wise person is often alone. He knows that very few people will support him. So, he always hesitates and dithers, Utthe Na Ehtiyaat Mein Ahle-Khirad Ke Paaon/ Ahle-Junoon Toh Jhaad Kar Daaman Nikal Gaye (Being over-cautious, the wise ones hesitate to take a step/ But the uninhibited souls always make a clean sweep). But a fool has no such apprehension because fools rush in where angels fear to tread. Russell's profound wisdom becomes all the more relevant in these times of morbid fanaticism and extreme obstinacy when people are in no mood to listen to alternative viewpoints. ---- A regular columnist for New Age Islam, Sumit Paul is a researcher in comparative religions, with special reference to Islam. He has contributed articles to the world's premier publications in several languages including Persian. URL: https://newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/bertrand-russell-fanatics/d/132122 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

Embracing the Infinite: The Qur'an's Challenge to Comprehend Unbounded God's Guidance

By Adis Duderija, New Age Islam 12 April 2024 While The Qur'an Acknowledges The Vastness Of God's Guidance , It Simultaneously Demands That People Of Faith (Mu’minun) Constantly Engage With Its Teachings And Seek To Understand It Anew In The Context Of Their Own Time And Place. ------- The Qur'an, presents a profound challenge to believers and seekers of truth alike. It asserts that its words are an expression of the infinite and unbounded nature of God's Guidance. It calls upon individuals of faith in every era to internalize and engage with its teachings anew. The verse from the Qur'an, "Were all the trees of the earth pens and the ocean [were ink] supplemented by yet seven oceans like it, the words of God would not be exhausted" (Q. 31:27), encapsulates this challenge. In this op-ed essay, I will explore the implications of this Qur'anic challenge, delving into the infinite nature of God's Signs and its call for continual reinterpretation and understanding in different historical and cultural contexts. The Infinity of God's Word The Qur'an verse 31: 27 emphasizes the boundlessness of divine wisdom. It vividly illustrates the magnitude of God's words by invoking imagery of countless trees and vast oceans filled with ink. It serves to remind us that even if the entire world were transformed into writing instruments and oceans of ink, it would still be insufficient to capture the entirety of divine wisdom. This imagery illustrates the necessity of embracing the limitations of human knowledge and is a call for epistemic humility. While the Qur'an acknowledges the vastness of God's Guidance , it simultaneously demands that people of faith (Mu’minun) constantly engage with its teachings and seek to understand it anew in the context of their own time and place. The Qur'an ,therefore, should not be viewed as a static text frozen in time; rather, it should be approached as a living scripture that speaks to the hearts and minds of those who are engaging with it . Interpretation and Interiorisation To meet the Qur'anic challenge, believers are called to engage in the ongoing process of interpretation. This process involves a deep introspection. Islamic scholars throughout history have grappled with the task of interpreting the Qur'an, recognizing the need to bridge the temporal and cultural gaps between revelation and contemporary understanding. This ongoing effort has given rise to diverse interpretations, reflecting the richness and depth of the Qur'an's messages. It acknowledges that understanding the Qur'an is not a solitary endeavour but a collective pursuit that benefits from diverse perspectives. The Qur'an's challenge demands that believers approach its verses with intellectual rigor, contextual analysis, and an openness to multiple interpretations. It encourages critical thinking, fostering an environment where believers can engage in respectful dialogue and debate, expanding their understanding and deepening their faith. The Role of Context Understanding the Qur'an anew in each age requires a nuanced appreciation of the ever-changing contexts in which believers find themselves. The challenges faced by humanity evolve, and the Qur'an's message must be applied to address contemporary issues and concerns while upholding its timeless principles of mercy, justice and compassion. By recognizing the inherent flexibility within the Qur'an's guidance, believers can address the social, ethical, and moral dilemmas of their time with wisdom and compassion. This flexibility allows for a dynamic and adaptive approach to applying the Qur'an's teachings, fostering an inclusive and progressive understanding of Islam. The Qur'anic challenge, as expressed in Q. 31:27, encapsulates the infinite and open nature of God's signs and guidance . It invites believers to acknowledge the limitations of their own human comprehension while actively engaging with the Qur'an's messages . The process of understanding and interpreting the Qur'an is a continual journey, requiring intellectual humility, critical thinking, and a deep commitment to mercy, justice and compassion. By recognizing the evolving nature of human societies and the need for contextual analysis, believers can ensure that the Qur'an's message remains relevant and transformative in an ever-changing world. As the Qur'an declares, the words of God cannot be exhausted, for they emanate from the infinite. It is through the sincere engagement with this challenge that believers can discover new insights, deepen their faith, and embody the timeless values of Islam in a manner that resonates with the needs and aspirations of people in their respective times. ----- A decades old patron of New Age Islam, Dr Adis Duderija is a Senior Lecturer in the Study of Islam and Society, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science; Senior Fellow Centre for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue, Griffith University | Nathan | Queensland | Australia. His forthcoming books are ( co-edited)- Shame, Modesty, and Honora in Islam and Interfaith Engagement Beyond the Divide (Springer) URL: https://newageislam.com/debating-islam/embracing-infinite-quran-god-guidance/d/132123 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism

The Logical Fallacy Of “Appeal To Authority”

By Naseer Ahmed, New Age Islam 10 April 2024 The earliest evidence of religious thought is based on the ritual treatment of the dead. Most animals display only a casual interest in their species' dead, so ritual burial represents a significant change in human behaviour. The Quran talks about Adam and his progeny and the guidance sent to them or instructions on Allah’s religion. Is it a coincidence that it deals explicitly with guiding one of Adam’s sons on the burial of the dead, considered the first evidence of religious thought? ------- The appeal to authority fallacy is the logical fallacy of claiming that because an expert said something is true, it must be true. However, it's crucial to understand the context in which the expert's opinion was formed, as this can significantly impact the validity of their statement. Russell was a mathematician and logician, not a moral philosopher. Experts need to stay within their field of expertise, as venturing into unfamiliar territory can lead to the expression of misguided opinions, as Russell did in his quote below: "Those, blinded by god and religion, will never concede that morality evolved without any god, religion and scripture." Think of it this way: You wouldn't ask a plumber for advice on your car's engine, would you? Just because they're skilled in one area doesn't mean they're an authority in everything. Similarly, a wise layman wouldn't consult Russell on religion and moral philosophy, just as he wouldn't go to a cobbler to get a haircut, no matter how skilled the cobbler may be in repairing shoes. As discussed in Bertrand Russell’s Error, he formed his opinion about religious morality from Christian moral rules that disallow divorce and other inflexible regulations that can cause avoidable human suffering and on the view of the Church that “morality has nothing to do with human happiness or suffering”. It's important to note that the function of morality in both religion and philosophy is to promote the greatest happiness, which the Church dismisses as irrelevant. Let's take a deeper look at Russell's critique. Had he delved into the teachings of other religions, he might have discovered that divorce is not universally condemned. For instance, in Islam and Judaism, it is permissible. This raises an important point: when evaluating an expert's opinion, it's crucial to consider multiple perspectives. The answer to why divorce is regarded as a sacrament in Christianity lies in the transition of the Romans from Paganism to Christianity, a process that incorporated many Pagan customs and rituals. Even their festivals have pagan origins. Therefore, Russell's critique is not on a divine law but a man-made custom – not on divine wisdom but on human stupidity. Russell, however, is unaware of his blunder. Russell's critique of Christianity was not without personal bias. His frustration with the Church's Commandments, binding on the faithful, was evident. This starkly contrasts Islam, where a fatwa is considered no more than a non-binding human opinion. His narrow focus on Christianity, a religion that directly affected him and his immediate society, led him to overlook the broader context of religious practices. His attempt to generalize from his particular experience is a common failing, even among wise men. Evidence That Religion Began With Adam The earliest evidence of religious thought is based on the ritual treatment of the dead. Most animals display only a casual interest in their species' dead, so ritual burial represents a significant change in human behaviour. The Quran talks about Adam and his progeny and the guidance sent to them or instructions on Allah’s religion. Is it a coincidence that it deals explicitly with guiding one of Adam’s sons on the burial of the dead, considered the first evidence of religious thought? (5:27) Recite to them the truth of the story of the two sons of Adam. Behold! they each presented a sacrifice (to Allah): It was accepted from one, but not from the other. Said the latter: "Be sure I will slay thee." "Surely," said the former, "Allah doth accept of the sacrifice of those who are righteous. (28) "If thou dost stretch thy hand against me, to slay me, it is not for me to stretch my hand against thee to slay thee: for I do fear Allah, the cherisher of the worlds. (29) "For me, I intend to let thee draw on thyself my sin as well as thine, for thou wilt be among the companions of the fire, and that is the reward of those who do wrong." (30) The (selfish) soul of the other led him to the murder of his brother: he murdered him, and became (himself) one of the lost ones. (31) Then Allah sent a raven, who scratched the ground, to show him how to hide the dead body of his brother. "Woe is me!" said he; "Was I not even able to be as this raven, and to hide the dead body of my brother?" then he became full of regrets- (32) On that account: We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. Then although there came to them Our messengers with clear signs, yet, even after that, many of them continued to commit excesses in the land. The verses above underline man’s dependence on guidance from Allah right from the time of Adam. Allah sometimes guides us by the example of a creature like a raven, as in the example above. Man has learnt many things by copying from nature. The verse 5:31 shows that Allah’s instructions are not only in the form of the revealed scriptures but also in the examples Allah has provided in nature for man to learn from. Man has not learnt anything from any source other than from a study of his universe and revealed scriptures. Yet, he is ungrateful to Allah and considers himself self-sufficient, which is why Allah says in the very first revelations to Muhammad: Surah 96 (1) Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- (2) Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood: (3) Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- (4) He Who taught (the use of) the pen,- (5) Taught man that which he knew not. (6) Nay, but man doth transgress all bounds, (7) In that he looketh upon himself as self-sufficient. (8) Verily, to thy Lord is the return (of all). (9) Seest thou one who forbids- (10) A votary when he (turns) to pray? (11) Seest thou if he is on (the road of) Guidance?- (12) Or enjoins Righteousness? (13) Seest thou if he denies (Truth) and turns away? (14) Knoweth he not that Allah doth see? (15) Let him beware! If he desist not, We will drag him by the forelock,- (16) A lying, sinful forelock! (17) Then, let him call (for help) to his council (of comrades): (18) We will call on the angels of punishment (to deal with him)! (19) Day, heed him not: But bow down in adoration, and bring thyself the closer (to Allah)! Some animals also display extraordinary cognitive powers and problem-solving skills. Still, man alone can learn cumulatively by recording what he has learned and passing it on to others. Is it, therefore, a coincidence that Allah should mention the gift of writing to man? The Unique Gift Of Human Speech Also, consider the verses: (55:1) (Allah) Most Gracious! (2) It is He Who has taught the Qur´an. (3) He has created man: (4) He has taught him speech. Speech is not unique to humans. Why does the Quran, therefore, mention speech? What is unique about human speech/languages that Allah should mention the teaching of speech as a special favour to mankind? The following is from Noah Harari’s book “Sapiens”: “What was the modern man’s secret of success? How did we settle so rapidly in many distant and ecologically different habitats? How did we push all other human species into oblivion? Why couldn’t the strong, brainy, cold-proof Neanderthals survive our onslaught? The debate continues to rage. The most likely answer is the very thing that makes the debate possible: The modern man conquered the world thanks to its unique language. The internal structure of the brains of the previous human beings before the “Cognitive Revolution” probably differed from ours. They looked like us, but their cognitive abilities – learning, remembering, communicating – were far more limited. Teaching such humans English, persuading them of the truth of Christian dogma, or getting them to understand the theory of evolution would probably have been hopeless undertakings. But then, beginning about 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started doing extraordinary things. Around that date, Sapiens bands left Africa for a second time. This time, they drove the Neanderthals and all other human species not only from the Middle East but from the face of the earth. Within a remarkably short period, Sapiens reached Europe and East Asia. About 45,000 years ago, they crossed the open sea and landed in Australia – a continent hitherto untouched by humans. The period from about 70,000 years ago to about 30,000 years ago witnessed the invention of boats, oil lamps, bows and arrows and needles (essential for sewing warm clothing). The first objects that can reliably be called art date from this era, as does the first clear evidence for religion, commerce and social stratification. Most researchers believe that these unprecedented accomplishments were the product of a revolution in Sapiens’ cognitive abilities. They maintain that the people who drove the Neanderthals to extinction settled in Australia and carved the Stadel lion-man were as intelligent, creative and sensitive as we are. If we were to come across the artists of the Stadel Cave, we could learn their language and they ours. We’d be able to explain to them everything we know – from the adventures of Alice in Wonderland to the paradoxes of quantum physics – and they could teach us how their people view the world. The appearance of new ways of thinking and communicating, between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago, constitutes the Cognitive Revolution. What caused it? We’re not sure. The most commonly believed theory argues that accidental genetic mutations changed the inner wiring of the brains of Sapiens, enabling them to think in unprecedented ways and to communicate using an altogether new type of language. We might call it the Tree of Knowledge mutation. Why did it occur in Sapiens DNA rather than in that of Neanderthals? It was a matter of pure chance, as far as we can tell. But it’s more important to understand the consequences of the Tree of Knowledge mutation than its causes. What was so special about the new Sapiens language that it enabled us to conquer the world?* It was not the first language. Every animal has some language. Even insects, such as bees and ants, know how to communicate in sophisticated ways, informing one another of the whereabouts of food. Neither was it the first vocal language. Many animals, including all ape and monkey species, have vocal languages. For example, green monkeys use calls of various kinds to communicate. Zoologists have identified one call that means, ‘Careful! An eagle!’ A slightly different call warns, ‘Careful! A lion!’ When researchers played a recording of the first call to a group of monkeys, the monkeys stopped what they were doing and looked upward in fear. When the same group heard a recording of the second call, the lion warning, they quickly scrambled up a tree. Sapiens can produce many more distinct sounds than green monkeys, but whales and elephants have equally impressive abilities. A parrot can say anything Albert Einstein could say, as well as mimic the sounds of phones ringing, doors slamming, and sirens wailing. Whatever advantage Einstein had over a parrot, it wasn’t vocal. What, then, is so special about our language? The most common answer is that our language is amazingly supple. We can connect a limited number of sounds and signs to produce infinite sentences, each with a distinct meaning. We can thereby ingest, store and communicate a prodigious amount of information about the surrounding world. A green monkey can yell to its comrades, ‘Careful! A lion!’ But a modern human can tell her friends that this morning, near the bend in the river, she saw a lion tracking a herd of bison. She can then describe the exact location, including the different paths leading to the area. With this information, her band members can put their heads together and discuss whether they ought to approach the river to chase away the lion and hunt the bison. A second theory agrees that our unique language evolved to share information about the world.” From the Quran we learn that Indeed Adam Had A Lot Of Information To Share In the creation of the modern man, Adam, the Quran speaks of all these unique gifts that make them exceptional. The gift of speech, the gift of writing, the gift of learning from nature, and the sudden broadening of his vocabulary to include everything around him, which Harari calls “The tree of knowledge mutation”. (2:31) And He taught Adam the names of all things; then He placed them before the angels, and said: "Tell me the names of these if ye are right." (32) They said: "Glory to Thee, of knowledge We have none, save what Thou Hast taught us: In truth it is Thou Who art perfect in knowledge and wisdom." (33) He said: "O Adam! Tell them their names." When he had told them, Allah said: "Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what ye reveal and what ye conceal?" (34) And behold, We said to the angels: "Bow down to Adam" and they bowed down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: He was of those who reject Faith. Conclusion: Science is unable to explain what caused the Cognitive Revolution. The Quran speaks about the creation of a man with the Cognitive abilities that science describes as caused by the Cognitive Revolution. The Quran proves that the required guidance to mankind, or “Allah’s Religion,” began with Adam. Scientific studies also confirm that religion is as old as the “Cognitive Revolution.” Therefore, religion and its morality are as old as Adam or as old as the “Cognitive Revolution.” Russell’s statement, “Those, blinded by God and religion, will never concede that morality evolved without any god, religion, and scripture," is, therefore, counterfactual and a result of his ignorance of the subject. He probably thinks religion started with Jesus (May peace be upon Jesus)! ----- A frequent contributor to NewAgeIslam.com, Naseer Ahmed is an Engineering graduate from IIT Kanpur and is an independent IT consultant after having served in both the Public and Private sector in responsible positions for over three decades. He has spent years studying Quran in-depth and made seminal contributions to its interpretation. URL: https://newageislam.com/islam-west/logical-fallacy-appeal-authority/d/132114 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism