Rethinking Islam and Religious Finality

By Adis Duderija, New Age Islam 12 March 2025 ‘‘If a Muslim stops at the moment of Muhammed and begins with ‘islam’ only with him, he/or she is not a ‘Muslim’ but a ‘Muhammedan’. He/or she is locked up in one step of the ongoing revelation of God.’’ Hasan Askari ‘Within and Beyond Experience of Religious Diversity,’ in The Experience of Religious Diversity, eds. John Hick and Hasan Askari (Gower, Aldershot: Gower Publishing, 1985), 199. In an increasingly interconnected world, the discourse surrounding religious identity and legitimacy is more relevant than ever. The assertions made by Askari regarding the nature of Islam and its relationship with other faiths challenge conventional views and invite a re-evaluation of how we understand religious finality. His contention that a true Muslim transcends the historical confines of Muhammad and embraces a broader, universal conception of Islam offers a refreshing perspective that could foster dialogue and understanding across religious divides. The Historical vs. Universal Islam Askari’s argument begins with a crucial distinction: the difference between historical Islam, anchored in the life and teachings of Muhammad, and a universal Islam that encompasses a broader spiritual experience. He posits that those who limit their understanding of Islam to the time of Muhammad are not true adherents; they are, instead, ‘Muhammedans.’ This terminology invokes a sense of stagnation, where followers are imprisoned by a singular interpretation of divine revelation. Askari’s perspective opens the door to a more inclusive understanding of faith. By suggesting that adherence to a singular historical figure, even one as pivotal as Muhammad, can restrict the interpretation of divine will, he emphasizes the importance of an ongoing revelation. This view aligns with the understanding that spirituality is not static but evolves as humanity progresses. The notion that one can engage with the divine beyond the historical context of a religious figure encourages individuals to seek a personal relationship with the transcendent, rather than merely adhering to prescribed doctrines. The Role of Other Faiths In a world where religious pluralism is often met with suspicion, Askari’s assertion that anyone who does not associate ‘artificial gods’ with the divine can be classified as a Muslim is revolutionary. This idea challenges traditional boundaries, suggesting that the essence of faith lies not in dogma but in the pursuit of a deeper truth. By this definition, adherents of Christianity, Judaism, and other religions can find common ground in their spiritual aspirations, regardless of the specific doctrines they follow. Askari’s vision of a universal religion posits that all faiths are united by a common quest for understanding and connection with the divine. This perspective not only promotes interfaith dialogue but also encourages believers to recognize the shared values inherent in their teachings. By transcending the historical confines of their respective faiths, individuals can engage in a collective pursuit of truth that enriches their spiritual journeys. The Problem of Finality At the heart of Askari’s critique is the concept of finality in religion. The traditional claims of finality—whether articulated by Jesus or Muhammad—often serve to delineate boundaries between faiths, leading to conflict and division. Askari argues that these claims are not only exclusionary but also misinterpreted. He reframes them through four critical lenses: as positive claims, summative in nature, part of a broader tapestry of finality claims, and often made by those who are either unaware or dismissive of similar declarations from other faiths. The implication here is profound. By understanding finality claims not as absolute truths but as subjective interpretations of a shared spiritual journey, we can mitigate the divisive impact of such assertions. Each claim of finality, when viewed through the lens of interdependence, becomes a call for unity rather than division. Askari’s approach encourages a re-examination of how religious leaders and adherents articulate their beliefs, fostering an environment where dialogue can flourish rather than stagnate in conflict. The Transcendent Reality Central to Askari’s pluralism is the belief in a ‘Transcendent Reality’ that exists behind all religions. This concept invites us to consider that all faith traditions, despite their differences, are seeking to articulate an understanding of the same divine truth. Such a perspective not only validates the experiences of individuals across various religious backgrounds but also highlights the importance of mutual respect and recognition in interfaith dialogues. In a society often characterized by religious tension, Askari’s framework offers a path toward reconciliation. By recognizing the underlying unity behind religious diversity, believers can engage in conversations that emphasize shared values and collective spiritual aspirations. This approach can lead to transformative experiences, fostering a deeper understanding of one another and breaking down the barriers that often separate faith communities. Symbolic Interpretations of Religious Differences Askari also encourages a symbolic interpretation of religious differences rather than a literal one. This perspective challenges the rigid dogmas that often define religious identities and opens the door to a more fluid understanding of spirituality. By viewing religious texts and traditions as expressions of a shared human experience, individuals can appreciate the richness of diverse beliefs without feeling threatened by them. This symbolic approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of faith. It encourages adherents to explore the deeper meanings behind religious practices and narratives, fostering a sense of connection rather than division. In this way, Askari’s pluralism not only promotes tolerance but also invites a deeper engagement with the spiritual dimensions of life. Askari’s insights challenge us to rethink our understanding of Islam and, by extension, all religions. The call to move beyond historical confines and embrace a universal perspective on faith is not merely an academic exercise; it offers a practical framework for living in a diverse world. As we navigate the complexities of modernity, the need for a more inclusive and open approach to spirituality becomes increasingly vital. ------ Checkout Dr. Adis Duderija’s personal website at: https://dradisduderija.com/ A decades old patron of New Age Islam, Dr Adis Duderija is a Senior Lecturer in the Study of Islam and Society, School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science; Senior Fellow Centre for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue, Griffith University | Nathan | Queensland | Australia. His forthcoming books are (co-edited) - Shame, Modesty, and Honour in Islam and Interfaith Engagement beyond the Divide (Springer) URL: https://www.newageislam.com/ijtihad-rethinking-islam/rethinking-religious-finality/d/134851 New Age Islam, Islam Online, Islamic Website, African Muslim News, Arab World News, South Asia News, Indian Muslim News, World Muslim News, Women in Islam, Islamic Feminism, Arab Women, Women In Arab, Islamophobia in America, Muslim Women in West, Islam Women and Feminism